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We’re Off to See the Wizz Air

Now that the pandemic restrictions are beginning to be lifted in many places and we are fully vaccinated, it just might be time to dust off the old Bucket List. For us that means thinking about finally seeing Romania, where Veronica has family roots, and Scotland, where we both have ancestry… CONTINUE READING >> 

Now that the pandemic restrictions are beginning to be lifted in many places and we are fully vaccinated, it just might be time to dust off the old Bucket List. For us that means thinking about finally seeing Romania, where Veronica has family roots, and Scotland, where we both have ancestry.

I know, it seems odd that we haven’t been to either of these places yet, but for some reason we haven’t managed to use our brains, hearts, or courage get there yet. But we won’t need to follow the Yellow Brick Road because Wizz Air has flights to several cities in both places.

Beginning with Scotland, we can easily fly to Glasgow, Aberdeen, or Edinburgh from the over one hundred and sixty cities in forty-four countries that Wizz serves. This way we can explore our James and Stewart family trees without spending the royal fortune.

Oh, did I forget to mention that Veronica is a descendant of Mary, Queen of Scots? It’s true, though we are not certain just how distant a relative, and we absolutely missed out on any inheritance. Still, maybe we can investigate while we visit the queen’s old home at Linlithgow Palace just outside of Edinburgh.

There should be plenty of secrets hidden away within the walls that have stood for seven centuries. Also, Mary’s father was King James the fifth and her son James the sixth, so now we have tied both of our names to the castle. Wonder if they will welcome us in as long-lost relatives?

No visit to Scotland is complete without a stop at Loch Ness in the Scottish Highlands. Who knows, perhaps we could get the first clear photo of Nessie. It could be even more unusual than a cowardly lion, tin man, or a talking scarecrow. Now that might be worth a fortune!

Moving on from our Scottish heritage, we can stop off in Paris for a visit with our daughter and her family before moving on to Romania. It is easy to travel from there to Bucharest, or any other of the eleven cities Wizz Air flies to in Romania, to explore Veronica’s ties to this unique and picturesque land.

Hopefully none of those relatives was Dracula, but we still can’t miss making the short trip up into the mountains from Bucharest to check out his famous home, Bran Castle. Well, home might be stretching things a bit.

Turns out that Dracula, or more accurately Vlad the Impaler who the character was loosely based on, likely never set foot in the castle. The legend mostly developed over the past fifty years or so as a way to attract tourists to the area. Still, it is a very cool castle so we won’t want to miss it.

More modern history awaits in the capital city of Bucharest, such as the Palace of the Parliament which was finished just over twenty years ago. Another landmark, The Arch of Triumph, is less that one hundred years old and looks very much like its namesake in France. That may be one of the reasons Bucharest has been sometimes called “The Little Paris.”

Some older historic buildings can still be found in the old city center known as Lipscani. The word meant trader, and dating back to the Middle Ages, when this was the main business area in town with merchandise from all across Europe.

Of course, these are just where we would ask the wizard to send us if we could, your adventure may be different. But with all of the fantastic destinations Wizz Air serves you will never doubt that you’re not in Kansas anymore.

So, let’s get back to traveling! No need to ask for a heart, or courage, or a brain, just wish for low fares from the Wizz.

David & Veronica, GypsyNester.com

What is the Cheapest Way to Ship a Car

When you’re looking for the cheapest way to ship your car looking at a price tag and then making a purchase is not recommended. You might just end up wasting money so you have to consider a few more elements…
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Whether you’re the owner of an expensive antique car or the owner of a car you got off Craigslist, you’ll find hundreds of service providers such as www.militarycarshipping.com that can offer to ship your car. When you’re looking for the cheapest way to ship your car, you have to be quite careful of who you end up dealing with. Looking at a price tag and then making a purchase is not recommended when your car is on the line. This also doesn’t mean that you have to go with the biggest and the boldest price tag. In fact, you’ll just end up wasting money that could be invested elsewhere. To be able to objectively find the cheapest way to transport a car, you can check for online courier quotes and you have to consider a few elements that can determine your potential service provider. We’ll be giving you some insights into the open transport method and the cheapest way to help you ship your car.  

Benefits of the Cheapest Way

While it may seem that using an open-air method of shipping your car is too cheap to provide a high-quality service, it’s actually doing pretty good. Most car shipping providers will give you two options for the delivery of your car; door-to-door and terminal-to-terminal. Many transporters find it easier to give a quote for door-to-door shipping if you’re living in a major city, as it is the safest option. If you happen to live a bit far away from the interstates, the shipping company will be charging you more as it will take time to deliver the car, but you can still ship a car direct.

Price Differences

While the open-air carrier is the cheapest way to ship your car safely, it doesn’t mean that all providers have a standard price. Some providers may charge you more than others, some may provide you with offers that make their deal a lucrative one. You may be attracted to the lowest price, but that doesn’t mean you’re getting the best service. When you go looking online for open-air service providers, you’ll come across a lot of brokers who push empty promises upon you. They can cause your shipment to be delayed as they’re rigorously looking for a provider that will ship it for the agreed-upon price.

Cost-Affecting Variables

The reason open-air carriers charge lower than most is that they can carry more than 10 vehicles at a time. Some variables may affect the pricing of a shipment. The most known variable is the distance. Naturally, the more distance a car is carried, the higher the price gets. The other factor is the size of your vehicle; an SUV will almost always cost more than a standard car, a sedan for example. You’ll need to consider these factors when you try to get a quote from any service provider.

Shipping your car is a hassle if you become overwhelmed with all the options available. Sticking to your budget doesn’t mean restricting yourself. You have to do some research and read reviews on the service providers whom you’re looking forward to doing business with. Do your best to avoid untrusted brokers and stick to actual service providers for maximum efficiency.

We are happy to present this collaborative post to offer valuable information to our readers.

Quick Tips for Successful Exam Preparation

To properly prepare for an exam, it is necessary to have enough time. That’s the first thing, where we dedicate time to work on the material (read, underline, summarize or outline) and time to memorize the information.

At the same time, it is very important to review the information studied, and NEVER leave the review until the last morning or afternoon before the exam, as this will make us very nervous and will question what we know. The review must be done during the study process.

To this we must add healthy leisure activities. Not by spending more time studying we will perform better. The priority is the quality of the time dedicated, not the quantity. It will be essential to have regular sleep schedules and eat in a balanced way (you always have to have breakfast the morning before the exam), key aspects to good academic performance.

What is essential to manage the pressure, stress and/or anxiety of this exam period?

The first thing to understand is that in the face of an exam (or any situation that involves an evaluation for me) it is normal for us to be activated, in fact, this is good because it prepares us for action. If one insists on not feeling that activation (or what we normally call being nervous or anxious) the opposite happens, that is, we get even more nervous. It is essential to prepare very well for my exam, to train myself, and, as mentioned before, to sleep and eat properly, as well as to do any leisure activity that helps me to relieve pressure, for example, to practice some sport.

How can concentration be improved?

To improve concentration it is necessary to limit study time, that is, to limit what we are going to study by intervals of time, and not spend many hours working without resting. For example, set time intervals of no more than 45 minutes in a row, rest 10 minutes and do another interval. We recommend a small strategy for when you cannot concentrate well, consisting of keeping your hand busy, “if my hand is busy, my head is busy”, synthesizing or taking the main idea out of a paragraph. And if 45 minutes costs me, reduce the time to 30 minutes or even 15 minutes.

WHILE STUDYING:

– Allot the necessary study time to do all the things you need before the exam (eg, review study material, make diagrams, review the topics, etc.).

– Frequently review the material. This will increase your confidence in yourself.

– Set study goals and face them one by one so as not to saturate yourself.

– Do the reviews with the appropriate technique: read trying to memorize diagrams and summaries, write what is remembered without the material in front of it, develop the outlined topic orally or in writing, consult, if necessary, the notes or the book, ask questions such as taking a mock test, using mnemonics to memorize difficult concepts, and spacing reviews over time.

If you feel nervous, try to relax with one of the following techniques:

– Abdominal breathing. This consists of breathing slowly, completely filling the lungs from the abdomen, something that we do not usually do in normal breathing.

– Tense and relax different muscle groups. For example, tense your shoulders for a few seconds and then let them drop. Feel the sensation of relaxation that this produces and learn to identify states of tension of the muscles to relax them later.

– If recurring and distracting thoughts appear that threaten your concentration and / or self-esteem (eg, “I am going to suspend”, “I will not have time”, “I will not be able”, etc.), you can replace them with rational responses (eg, “I have the ability to pass”, “I just need to work more”, etc.), thoughts that help you manage stress (eg, “a little activation can help me”, ” I will do the best I can “, etc.) and thoughts that help you stay focused (eg,” I can answer the question if I elaborate the answer in small subsections “). If these strategies don’t work for you, write your thoughts down on paper and keep working under the “promise” that you will deal with them later.

BEFORE THE TEST:

– Check, if you have not done it before, when is the exam, place, time, and if you need any specific material for the exam.

– Be in contact with other colleagues to avoid possible mistakes.

– Arrive with enough time to sit in a place where you are comfortable.

– The night (or morning) before, prepare everything you need (pen, ID, calculator, dictionary, water bottle, chocolate bar, especially if you pass a full-day essay exam that is authored by the Indiana Board of Bar Examiner).

EXAM DAY:

– Get up early, shower, get ready, HAVE BREAKFAST, and leave with enough time to get to the faculty or school.

– Avoid those colleagues who make you nervous.

DURING THE EXAM:

Some of the relaxation techniques that you can use during the study phase can also help you during the exam. Take a couple of minutes off if you think you need to practice them. Practice abdominal breathing to regulate your activation level.

– Try to place yourself in the place that you are most comfortable / a.

– When you receive the exam, read the instructions a couple of times and organize your time efficiently.

– Start with the simplest questions, which will strengthen you and make you face the most difficult questions with greater confidence.

– Ask the teacher any doubts that arise during the exam.

– Do not rush if you see that your colleagues finish earlier, work at your own pace.

– Think before writing, draw an outline to organize the ideas and not to forget important aspects that must be dealt with.

– Write with brevity and precision, start with key concepts and develop them; if necessary, justify the answer.

– Take care of the presentation, cleanliness, order and spelling. They are essential (remember that you are not writing a message on your mobile or in the Whats App).

– Make sure you have answered the questions you wanted to answer.

– Never take a dirty test.

AFTER THE EXAM:

– Do not talk to other classmates (if this is going to harm your performance in the following exams).

– Write the exam questions that you remember or try to recognize them in your notes.

– Reward yourself with a prize.

Wonderful Ways to Make your Baby’s First Birthday Truly Special

Can you believe that the tiny bundle you brought home from the hospital is almost a year old already? One minute you cradle them safely in your arms and the next, you’re following them around the room as they crawl, bum-shuffle and even toddle from one activity to the next.

A first birthday is certainly an event that’s worth celebrating, with happy smiles, fun decorations, party games, families gathering together and plenty of meaningful gifts – to shop for cool toys for kids by age, click the link – it’s a rite of passage for every child. Unfortunately, most of us remember very little about our first ever slice of birthday cake, which makes some parents question whether or not they should go to the trouble of putting together a celebration.

However, there are plenty of ways you can make the event memorable and share these moments with your little one as they grow! Let’s explore some wonderful ways to make your baby’s first birthday truly special.

A Cake Smash

A popular trend you may have seen on social media, Smash Cakes are quickly becoming a traditional part of 1st birthday celebrations. The premise is simple, you create or purchase a colourful cake and photograph your little one smashing it and eating it to their heart’s content. For some little ones, this may be their first ever taste of sugar and confectionery, so it makes for some pretty memorable facial expressions you can catch on camera! If you’re not much of a baker, don’t worry – you could simply purchase a cake from your local supermarket or support a local cake baker and have one commissioned for you.

Create some video messages

We all know how precious family is. And as your little one grows, they may only have limited memories and time with family members who pass away before they’re grown. Creating video messages for your little one’s 1st birthday celebrations means creating memories for today and for the future. Being able to look back at the face and smile of a relative as they held them as a baby is a wonderful memory and gift they can treasure forever. Ensure everyone has a chat to the camera and says something special for your little one.

Have a professional photo shoot

Whether you do this on the day, you hire a professional photographer for the celebrations, or you head to a studio and enjoy a photoshoot, capturing your baby’s first birthday with some professional shots will make the day extra special. Having your baby wear a costume like your Marvel or DC superheroes or favorite Disney princess that you can get from Toynk will make that first birthday photoshoot more memorable. If you’re planning a cake smash, then a professional photographer could capture the moment perfectly.

Create a living memory

Living memories can grow with your child, making them an extra special way to celebrate their life today and for years to come. Consider planting a tree in your garden, a flowerbed or even growing some rose bushes for them.

Final thoughts…

However you want to celebrate your child’s 1st birthday, consider keeping it simple so you can enjoy the celebrations too.

What Kind of Visas Are Available To Visit Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has experienced a sharp escalation in the number of positive Covid-19 cases as health professionals warned people of a new coronavirus variant that was quickly spreading across all the districts. As per the official figures, more than 50,000 new cases have been verified within the previous month. Altogether, Sri Lanka has registered 164,201 coronavirus cases in total, with 1,210 deaths reported till now.

Earlier, the Sri Lanka travel restrictions were scheduled to be raised off on May 28. However, on May 24, 2021, the Sri Lankan authorities declared that island wide travel restrictions that were to be imposed till May 28 will most likely be extended till June 7 to prevent the deadly Covid-19 pandemic from spreading any further. Hopefully, the island wide travel restrictions in Sri Lanka will be lifted, and travel will resume.

The Sri Lanka Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) has become an essential travel tool that business travelers and tourists simply love. It serves the primary objective of giving a reliable, simple, and efficient service to all those people who wish to visit Sri Lanka. And indeed, the Sri Lanka ETA has lived up to its expectations. Read this guide to learn all about the Sri Lanka ETA and the different types of Sri Lanka visas so you too can journey to Sri Lanka.

What is the Sri Lanka ETA?

The Sri Lanka ETA is an online endorsement that simply bypasses the standard visa application process. This method streamlines the process of entry for most people who want to enter Sri Lanka. It is easy to obtain the ETA online, and the processing time is also very minimal.

Most applicants can simply apply for their Sri Lanka ETA and have their authorized documents printed out the same day. This permit document explicitly serves the purpose of visiting Sri Lanka, meaning that visitors are not eligible to go beyond what they are granted to, nor can they exceed the maximum duration of stay permitted in Sri Lanka.

Who Needs a Sri Lankan Visa?

If the stay surpasses the number of days permitted or falls outside the list of activities allowed, a Sri Lanka visa might be needed. This might be a long-duration stay visa, student visa, employment visa, or a journalist visa.

These kinds of permits need to undergo a formal visa procedure and guidance from the Sri Lanka Embassy. The applicants might need to collect some relevant documents and information to apply for a Sri Lanka visa in order to complete the visa application process. This can be your employment history, visa application, passport, and financial statements.

After completing the visa application process, your Sri Lanka eVisa will be issued. You will be granted entry to Sri Lanka for a specified purpose. This specific purpose solely depends on the Sri Lankan visa category you apply for, which we will be covering next.

What is a Sri Lankan Visa?

A Sri Lankan visa is basically an authorization on a passport or another similar document that facilitates the official and authorized entry of non-Sri Lankans into Sri Lanka. The utmost aim of this visa is to regulate the duration of their stay and any other conditions governing such stay.

What are the Different Types of Sri Lankan Visas?

Altogether, four types of Sri Lankan visas can grant permission to an individual to enter the country premises and/or stay in Sri Lanka for a specified duration. Here are the four different kinds of visas you can apply for to visit Sri Lanka.

1.    Visit Visa

A visit visa is an entry visa that signifies the consent and approval of the Government of Sri Lanka for the admission of a foreign national to Sri Lanka. A visit visa includes all the relevant details of the conditions and period of their stay. Visit visas can be further divided into 2 sub-categories. They are Tourist visit visas and Business purpose visas.

●      Tourist Visit Visa

A Tourist Visit Visa is an entry permit issued to all the bonafide tourists who wish to go to Sri Lanka for excursions, vacations, relaxation, sightseeing, yoga training, or visiting relatives for a relatively short time.

●      Business Purpose Visa

A Business Purpose Visa is an entry permit that is issued to all foreign nationals who wish to go to Sri Lanka strictly for business and professional purposes. This visa is also granted for a short period.

It might be issued either for a single journey or a double journey. A Business Purpose Visa enables individuals to attend conferences, business meetings, seminars, and training sessions.

2.    Residence Visa

The next type of Sri Lankan visa is a residence visa which is an entry visa for non-Sri Lankans to acquire a residence facility for particular reasons. Altogether, the residence visa can be further divided into 8 sub-categories. Here are the residence visa sub-categories to know which eligibility category you belong to:

1)    Employment Category

    • Project Specialized employees whose services are needed for any projects that have been permitted by the expatriate and state personnel employed in projects under the Sri Lankan Board of Investment (BOI) and their dependents.
    • Volunteers
    • Employees who are working at banks and their dependents.
    • Employees who are attached to non-governmental organizations.
    • Employees who work in an institution, on a project, or in an organization under diplomatic missions in the country.
    • Employees who are working in a private firm and their dependents.

2)    Investor Category

    • People who are occupied in any sort of business activities in Sri Lanka
    • People who would like to invest their finances in Sri Lanka.

3)    Student Category

    • Students enrolled in state-approved educational institutions
    • University Students
    • Other Institutions

4)    Religious Category

    • Members of the Clergy

5)    Former Sri Lankans and their dependents

6)    Registered Indians who are protected by the 1954 Indo-Lanka Agreement

7)    Family members of a Sri Lankan

    • Spouse(s)
    • Children with a foreign nationality

8)    Resident Guest Visa Program

9)    My Dream Home Visa Program

10)   Diplomatic and Official Visa

3.     Transit Visa

The third of Sri Lanka is a Transit visa. This entry visa is issued to all foreign nationals who seek admission into Sri Lanka briefly for a few hours or so, which is incidental. This kind of visa only permits a traveler to pass through Sri Lanka without actually entering the country’s borders and is en route of their journey to another country.

4.     Gratis Visa

The holder of an Official or a Diplomatic Passport or a passport with a legal Official or Diplomatic authorization won’t be required to pay any amount for the visa.

Apply for your Sri Lanka ETA Visa Online

Submitting an online application is the initial step to getting an ETA for Sri Lanka. The applicants are requested to provide basic details like name, passport number, date of birth, home address, etc. Once the details have been provided on the application form, don’t forget to double-check it.

You cannot edit the details once the ETA visa is issued. The online form proceeds with a payment screen. After the payment has been made and captured successfully, your application form will be sent for processing. Head over to Natvisa.com to learn all about your Sri Lanka ETA.

Receiving the ETA

Once your Sri Lanka ETA gets approved, a consent email will be sent out. This will comprise all the details on your ETA, including your approval number. Print this document and keep it along with your passport.

You will be asked to show the ETA document upon your arrival to Sri Lanka. You will also be able to download your Sri Lanka ETA from your Natvisa dashboard, which will automatically be generated after you purchase the ETA.

Emotional Support Animals Will Support You During Tough Times

What is an emotional support animal (ESA)? In what cases is it used? Can any animal be considered emotionally supportive?

It is well known that pets or companion animals benefit the psychological and behavioral part of people, help fight depression, reduce stress, fear, anguish, strengthen self-esteem, avoid the feeling of loneliness. They also increase and improve the sense of responsibility, help create routines, organize people’s schedules, and motivate them to do physical activity.

What is an ESA?

It is an abbreviation that the United States housing and aeronautical authorities created to allow companion animals to travel in the cabin, and not be considered as pets when acquiring a home or to accompany their owners or guardians in spaces such as offices, colleges, or universities.

Emotional support animals are animals that help people overcome fear, anxiety, or trauma, providing therapeutic support to their owners through affection and company. They are part of the psychological, psychiatric, or medical treatment of patients.

They differ from service animals that help people with disabilities such as guide dogs, sound-detecting dogs, or conditions such as epilepsy, among others.

Unlike service animals that help people with different disabilities and must remain close to the human being they assist, those who provide emotional support do not necessarily have to be admitted in all spaces.

Who needs them?

They are recommended for people who have recurring episodes of fear, panic, anxiety, or phobias. Also, in cases of post-traumatic stress, since they have the power to make the owners feel better in case of presenting an adverse situation.

How to prove it?

ESA laws require you to have a prescription from a doctor, psychologist, or psychiatrist to certify an Emotional Support Animal. They evaluate the situation of the person and the benefits that the animal will bring to the psychological or emotional condition through techniques endorsed by the medical-scientific community.

In addition to this certificate, the animal needs to be trained in basic obedience so that it does not represent a danger to other people, knows how to behave in public, and responds easily and quickly to the orders indicated.

Legal documentation must:
    • Be written on a letterhead by the professional.
    • Have the original signature of the health professional with the registration number. Any false information or impersonation is considered a crime.
    • Contain the professional’s contact information: telephone, address, etc.
    • Certification of the physical or psychological condition for which emotional support is needed, as well as confirmation that said condition prevents the performance of significant vital activities such as being in public spaces, socializing, traveling by plane, among others.
    • A statement that the emotional support animal is part of the treatment.
    • It is always recommended to specify the name, species, breed, and age of the animal.

How do you travel with an emotional support animal?

To travel, you must check in advance with the airlines, transport companies, or other spaces, as some require notification of this condition at least 48 hours before the trip. In addition, fill out forms and report the carrying of items such as a leash, muzzle, and toilet.

It is recommended to carry the certificate issued by the health professional, and the basic training certificate, a No regulation specifies, and a veterinary medical certificate that guarantees the health conditions of the animal to make the trip. These may be required at the time of purchasing the tickets and at the time of travel.

There is no regulation that specifies that emotional support animals must be identified in any way, beyond the aforementioned documentation; however, ideally, the owner should identify them with a collar, harness, or special tag.

In the United States, emotional support animals can travel freely in any type of transport with their owner, without breed, size, or weight limitations, and additionally, travel free on some airlines. They do not require crates or other types of transport cages.

The most recommended breeds

Any animal, regardless of its species, can be considered emotionally supportive. There are ideal breeds for this work because they are intelligent, empathetic, balanced, and intuitive such as golden retrievers, labrador retrievers, german shepherds, corgi, and poodles. They can be any size and should be close to their guardian.

 

Litigation and its Important Parts

Litigation indicates the existence of a legal dispute between two parties (natural or legal persons) arising from the incompatibility of interests between them: it is resolved through legal procedures that involve lawyers and judges.

Definition of litigation

To understand what litigation is (also called legal conflict), let’s simply imagine a situation in which a natural or legal person tries to condition another through some act or omission.

In this scenario, there are two factors: the party that wants to impose or condition, and the party that claims its rights: a conflict of interest is taken for granted and verified, with the consequent potential damage for both parties.

A satisfactory outcome can’t emerge from this dispute, so the only way to solve it is to go to the relevant justice bodies, where a judge will apply the law to rule in favor of one party or another or to apply a sentence as fairest possible.

To proceed in this way, both parties must have proper legal representation in the person of lawyers who present the causes of the dispute in front of the court, and provide evidence that can tip the balance of justice in one direction or another.

Concept of legitimacy

The reason why the parties involved in litigation decide to undertake this process to defend their interests is that they firmly believe in the legitimacy of their claims or, at least, that is how they intend to prove it.

It is said that something is legitimate when it is protected by law: thus, a legitimate person can claim his rights before the judicial authority when he acts as a plaintiff.

Elements of a dispute

    • The disputed points

They are the constituent object of the dispute between both parties: it must be verified that there is a legal conflict on one or more specific aspects, in such a way that the judicial procedure will exclusively affect the object of the dispute.

    • The parts

The parties (or litigants) refer to the subjects who present conflicting positions or claims. In general, disputes are made up of two parties, but it may be the case that there are several parties that conflict with one another, and this fact is known as joint litigation.

    • Contradictory claims

They are, in themselves, the positions that the parties defend to justify their position: they comprise the set of reasons that each party argues to claim their rights.

    • The judicial authority

It comprises the body of justice in charge of conducting the litigation procedure, which is the judge or court that has attributed the powers over the case (courts of the first instance, investigation, among others).

    • The judicial process

It refers to the procedural aspects that determine how the litigation has to be carried out: depending on the nature of the litigation, they will be included in one or another legal regulation.

    • Тhe legal discovery process

Тhe legal discovery process is a formal process for the exchange of information between parties about witnesses and the evidence that will be presented at trial. This allows the parties to know, before the start of the trial, what evidence can be presented.

information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence

    • Litis in law

The Litis concept is a legal technicality used for the parties (litigants) to formalize their claim before the relevant courts and consists of three distinct phases: what happens before, during, and after litigation.

    • Litis lock

The barrier to litigation are the procedures that are given before the litigation ends in the courts: the demand is drawn up and it is sent to the defendant, who has a period (usually short) to answer.

    • Litisconsorcio

Joint litigation occurs once the claim has been filed, as long as an indication of several litigants in the process is accredited: joint litigation cannot be applied in cases of individual litigants.

The joint litigation proceeds when several parties litigate among themselves, distinguishing between the active joint litigation (plurality of plaintiffs) and the passive joint litigation (plurality of defendants); If the plurality is credited in both parts, we are facing mixed consortium litigation.

    • Lis pendens

When litigation does not end with a final judgment, a legal effect called lis pendens (pending litigation) is created; it is used as an exceptional measure that postpones the discussion of the case in the future.

In addition, the lis pendens originates that another procedure cannot be initiated in a different court for the same conflict because it is already being resolved in another court.

If a final judgment falls on the litigation and its resolution is issued, it is given as a finalized procedure (res judicata), and such conflict cannot be brought to trial again.

In a hypothetical scenario of repetition of the same litigation with the same litigants as protagonists, the defendant can appeal for this legal effect: in this case, the judge will have to dictate an act of dismissal, which renders the claim ineffective and prevents the holding. of the oral trial.